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Tipton protein nutrition abstracts

tim290280

tim290280

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Kevin Tipton is the guy that has done a lot of the pre and post workout nutrition work. This is a selection of his published work. If a nutrition article doesn't cite Tipton or Robert Wolfe (correctly) then they may not actually have it correct.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 276:
Vol. 276, Issue 4, E628-E634, April 1999

Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids
Kevin D. Tipton, Arny A. Ferrando, Stuart M. Phillips, David Doyle Jr., and Robert R. Wolfe

We examined the response of net muscle protein synthesis to ingestion of amino acids after a bout of resistance exercise. A primed, constant infusion of L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine was used to measure net muscle protein balance in three male and three female volunteers on three occasions. Subjects consumed in random order 1 liter of 1) a mixed amino acid (40 g) solution (MAA), 2) an essential amino acid (40 g) solution (EAA), and 3) a placebo solution (PLA). Arterial amino acid concentrations increased ~150-640% above baseline during ingestion of MAA and EAA. Net muscle protein balance was significantly increased from negative during PLA ingestion ( 50 ± 23 nmol • min 1 • 100 ml leg volume 1) to positive during MAA ingestion (17 ± 13 nmol • min 1 • 100 ml leg volume 1) and EAA (29 ± 14 nmol • min 1 • 100 ml leg volume 1; P < 0.05). Because net balance was similar for MAA and EAA, it does not appear necessary to include nonessential amino acids in a formulation designed to elicit an anabolic response from muscle after exercise. We concluded that ingestion of oral essential amino acids results in a change from net muscle protein degradation to net muscle protein synthesis after heavy resistance exercise in humans similar to that seen when the amino acids were infused.
Appl Physiol 88: 386-392, 2000;
Vol. 88, Issue 2, 386-392, February 2000

An oral essential amino acid-carbohydrate supplement enhances muscle protein anabolism after resistance exercise

Blake B. Rasmussen, Kevin D. Tipton, Sharon L. Miller, Steven E. Wolf, and Robert R. Wolfe

This study was designed to determine the response of muscle protein to the bolus ingestion of a drink containing essential amino acids and carbohydrate after resistance exercise. Six subjects (3 men, 3 women) randomly consumed a treatment drink (6 g essential amino acids, 35 g sucrose) or a flavored placebo drink 1 h or 3 h after a bout of resistance exercise on two separate occasions. We used a three-compartment model for determination of leg muscle protein kinetics. The model involves the infusion of ring-2H5-phenylalanine, femoral arterial and venous blood sampling, and muscle biopsies. Phenylalanine net balance and muscle protein synthesis were significantly increased above the predrink and corresponding placebo value (P < 0.05) when the drink was taken 1 or 3 h after exercise but not when the placebo was ingested at 1 or 3 h. The response to the amino acid-carbohydrate drink produced similar anabolic responses at 1 and 3 h. Muscle protein breakdown did not change in response to the drink. We conclude that essential amino acids with carbohydrates stimulate muscle protein anabolism by increasing muscle protein synthesis when ingested 1 or 3 h after resistance exercise.

AJP - Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol 273, Issue 1

Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans
S. M. Phillips, K. D. Tipton, A. Aarsland, S. E. Wolf and R. R. Wolfe

Mixed muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) and fractional breakdown rate (FBR) were examined after an isolated bout of either concentric or eccentric resistance exercise. Subjects were eight untrained volunteers (4 males, 4 females). Mixed muscle protein FSR and FBR were determined using primed constant infusions of [2H5]phenylalanine and 15N-phenylalanine, respectively. Subjects were studied in the fasted state on four occasions: at rest and 3, 24, and 48 h after a resistance exercise bout. Exercise was eight sets of eight concentric or eccentric repetitions at 80% of each subject's concentric 1 repetition maximum. There was no significant difference between contraction types for either FSR, FBR, or net balance (FSR minus FBR). Exercise resulted in significant increases above rest in muscle FSR at all times: 3 h = 112%, 24 h = 65%, 48 h = 34% (P < 0.01). Muscle FBR was also increased by exercise at 3 h (31%; P < 0.05) and 24 h (18%; P < 0.05) postexercise but returned to resting levels by 48 h. Muscle net balance was significantly increased after exercise at all time points [(in %/h) rest = -0.0573 +/- 0.003 (SE), 3 h = -0.0298 +/- 0.003, 24 h = -0.0413 +/- 0.004, and 48 h = -0.0440 +/- 0.005], and was significantly different from zero at all time points (P < 0.05). There was also a significant correlation between FSR and FBR (r = 0.88, P < 0.001). We conclude that exercise resulted in an increase in muscle net protein balance that persisted for up to 48 h after the exercise bout and was unrelated to the type of muscle contraction performed.

AJP - Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol 273, Issue 1

An abundant supply of amino acids enhances the metabolic effect of exercise on muscle protein
G. Biolo, K. D. Tipton, S. Klein and R. R. Wolfe


Six normal untrained men were studied during the intravenous infusion of a balanced amino acid mixture (approximately 0.15 g.kg-1.h-1 for 3 h) at rest and after a leg resistance exercise routine to test the influence of exercise on the regulation of muscle protein kinetics by hyperaminoacidemia. Leg muscle protein kinetics and transport of selected amino acids (alanine, phenylalanine, leucine, and lysine) were isotopically determined using a model based on arteriovenous blood samples and muscle biopsy. The intravenous amino acid infusion resulted in comparable increases in arterial amino acid concentrations at rest and after exercise, whereas leg blood flow was 64 +/- 5% greater after exercise than at rest. During hyperaminoacidemia, the increases in amino acid transport above basal were 30-100% greater after exercise than at rest. Increases in muscle protein synthesis were also greater after exercise than at rest (291 +/- 42% vs. 141 +/- 45%). Muscle protein breakdown was not significantly affected by hyperminoacidemia either at rest or after exercise. We conclude that the stimulatory effect of exogenous amino acids on muscle protein synthesis is enhanced by prior exercise, perhaps in part because of enhanced blood flow. Our results imply that protein intake immediately after exercise may be more anabolic than when ingested at some later time.

Annual Review of Nutrition
Vol. 20: 457-483

PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID METABOLISM DURING AND AFTER EXERCISE AND THE EFFECTS OF NUTRITION
Michael J. Rennie ¬
Kevin D. Tipton ¬

Abstract Sustained dynamic exercise stimulates amino acid oxidation, chiefly of the branched-chain amino acids, and ammonia production in proportion to exercise intensity; if the exercise is intense enough, there is a net loss of muscle protein (as a result of decreased protein synthesis, increased breakdown, or both); some of the amino acids are oxidized as fuel, whereas the rest provide substrates for gluconeogenesis and possibly for acid-based regulation. Protein balance is restored after exercise, but no hypertrophy occurs with habitual dynamic exercise. Resistance exercise causes little change in amino acid oxidation but probably depresses protein synthesis and elevates breakdown acutely. After exercise, protein synthesis rebounds for ≤48 h, but breakdown remains elevated, and net positive balance is achieved only if amino acid availability is increased. There is no evidence that habitual exercise increases protein requirements; indeed protein metabolism may become more efficient as a result of training.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 281:
Vol. 281, Issue 2, E197-E206, August 2001

Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise
Kevin D. Tipton1,2, Blake B. Rasmussen1,2, Sharon L. Miller1,2, Steven E. Wolf1, Sharla K. Owens-Stovall1, Bart E. Petrini1, and Robert R. Wolfe1,2

The present study was designed to determine whether consumption of an oral essential amino acid-carbohydrate supplement (EAC) before exercise results in a greater anabolic response than supplementation after resistance exercise. Six healthy human subjects participated in two trials in random order, PRE (EAC consumed immediately before exercise), and POST (EAC consumed immediately after exercise). A primed, continuous infusion of L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine, femoral arteriovenous catheterization, and muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis were used to determine phenylalanine concentrations, enrichments, and net uptake across the leg. Blood and muscle phenylalanine concentrations were increased by ~130% after drink consumption in both trials. Amino acid delivery to the leg was increased during exercise and remained elevated for the 2 h after exercise in both trials. Delivery of amino acids (amino acid concentration times blood flow) was significantly greater in PRE than in POST during the exercise bout and in the 1st h after exercise (P < 0.05). Total net phenylalanine uptake across the leg was greater (P = 0.0002) during PRE (209 ± 42 mg) than during POST (81 ± 19). Phenylalanine disappearance rate, an indicator of muscle protein synthesis from blood amino acids, increased after EAC consumption in both trials. These results indicate that the response of net muscle protein synthesis to consumption of an EAC solution immediately before resistance exercise is greater than that when the solution is consumed after exercise, primarily because of an increase in muscle protein synthesis as a result of increased delivery of amino acids to the leg.
This one is the review that pretty much sums it all up. I have the pdf if anyone wants it just PM me your email addy.
Protein and amino acids for athletes
Authors: Kevin Tipton; Robert Wolfe
Source: Journal of Sports Sciences, Volume 22, Number 1, January 2004 , pp. 65-79(15)

The main determinants of an athlete's protein needs are their training regime and habitual nutrient intake. Most athletes ingest sufficient protein in their habitual diet. Additional protein will confer only a minimal, albeit arguably important, additional advantage. Given sufficient energy intake, lean body mass can be maintained within a wide range of protein intakes. Since there is limited evidence for harmful effects of a high protein intake and there is a metabolic rationale for the efficacy of an increase in protein, if muscle hypertrophy is the goal, a higher protein intake within the context of an athlete's overall dietary requirements may be beneficial. However, there are few convincing outcome data to indicate that the ingestion of a high amount of protein (2-3 g • kg-1 BW • day-1, where BW = body weight) is necessary. Current literature suggests that it may be too simplistic to rely on recommendations of a particular amount of protein per day. Acute studies suggest that for any given amount of protein, the metabolic response is dependent on other factors, including the timing of ingestion in relation to exercise and/or other nutrients, the composition of ingested amino acids and the type of protein.

Ingestion of Casein and Whey Proteins Result in Muscle Anabolism after Resistance Exercise.

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 36(12):2073-2081, December 2004.
TIPTON, KEVIN D.; ELLIOTT, TABATHA A.; CREE, MELANIE G.; WOLF, STEVEN E.; SANFORD, ARTHUR P.; WOLFE, ROBERT R.

Purpose: Determination of the anabolic response to exercise and nutrition is important for individuals who may benefit from increased muscle mass. Intake of free amino acids after resistance exercise stimulates net muscle protein synthesis. The response of muscle protein balance to intact protein ingestion after exercise has not been studied. This study was designed to examine the acute response of muscle protein balance to ingestion of two different intact proteins after resistance exercise.
Methods: Healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Each group consumed one of three drinks: placebo (PL; N = 7), 20 g of casein (CS; N = 7), or whey proteins (WH; N = 9). Volunteers consumed the drink 1 h after the conclusion of a leg extension exercise bout. Leucine and phenylalanine concentrations were measured in femoral arteriovenous samples to determine balance across the leg.
Results: Arterial amino acid concentrations were elevated by protein ingestion, but the pattern of appearance was different for CS and WH. Net amino acid balance switched from negative to positive after ingestion of both proteins. Peak leucine net balance over time was greater for WH (347 +/- 50 nmol[middle dot]min-1[middle dot]100 mL-1 leg) than CS (133 +/- 45 nmol[middle dot]min-1[middle dot]100 mL-1 leg), but peak phenylalanine balance was similar for CS and WH. Ingestion of both CS and WH stimulated a significantly larger net phenylalanine uptake after resistance exercise, compared with the PL (PL -5 +/- 15 mg, CS 84 +/- 10 mg, WH 62 +/- 18 mg). Amino acid uptake relative to amount ingested was similar for both CS and WH (~10-15%).
Conclusions: Acute ingestion of both WH and CS after exercise resulted in similar increases in muscle protein net balance, resulting in net muscle protein synthesis despite different patterns of blood amino acid responses.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 292:

Stimulation of net muscle protein synthesis by whey protein ingestion before and after exercise
Kevin D. Tipton,1 Tabatha A. Elliott,2,3 Melanie G. Cree,2,3 Asle A. Aarsland,2,4 Arthur P. Sanford,2,3 and Robert R. Wolfe2,3

Timing of nutrient ingestion has been demonstrated to influence the anabolic response of muscle following exercise. Previously, we demonstrated that net amino acid uptake was greater when free essential amino acids plus carbohydrates were ingested before resistance exercise rather than following exercise. However, it is unclear if ingestion of whole proteins before exercise would stimulate a superior response compared with following exercise. This study was designed to examine the response of muscle protein balance to ingestion of whey proteins both before and following resistance exercise. Healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to one of two groups. A solution of whey proteins was consumed either immediately before exercise (PRE; n = 8) or immediately following exercise (POST; n = 9). Each subject performed 10 sets of 8 repetitions of leg extension exercise. Phenylalanine concentrations were measured in femoral arteriovenous samples to determine balance across the leg. Arterial amino acid concentrations were elevated by 50%, and net amino acid balance switched from negative to positive following ingestion of proteins at either time. Amino acid uptake was not significantly different between PRE and POST when calculated from the beginning of exercise (67 ± 22 and 27 ± 10 for PRE and POST, respectively) or from the ingestion of each drink (60 ± 17 and 63 ± 15 for PRE and POST, respectively). Thus the response of net muscle protein balance to timing of intact protein ingestion does not respond as does that of the combination of free amino acids and carbohydrate.
Milk Ingestion Stimulates Net Muscle Protein Synthesis following Resistance Exercise.

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 38(4):667-674, April 2006.
ELLIOT, TABATHA A.; CREE, MELANIE G.; SANFORD, ARTHUR P.; WOLFE, ROBERT R.; TIPTON, KEVIN D.

Purpose: Previous studies have examined the response of muscle protein to resistance exercise and nutrient ingestion. Net muscle protein synthesis results from the combination of resistance exercise and amino acid intake. No study has examined the response of muscle protein to ingestion of protein in the context of a food. This study was designed to determine the response of net muscle protein balance following resistance exercise to ingestion of nutrients as components of milk.
Method: Three groups of volunteers ingested one of three milk drinks each: 237 g of fat-free milk (FM), 237 g of whole milk (WM), and 393 g of fat-free milk isocaloric with the WM (IM). Milk was ingested 1 h following a leg resistance exercise routine. Net muscle protein balance was determined by measuring amino acid balance across the leg.
Results: Arterial concentrations of representative amino acids increased in response to milk ingestion. Threonine balance and phenylalanine balance were both > 0 following milk ingestion. Net amino acid uptake for threonine was 2.8-fold greater (P < 0.05) for WM than for FM. Mean uptake of phenylalanine was 80 and 85% greater for WM and IM, respectively, than for FM, but not statistically different. Threonine uptake relative to ingested was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for WM (21 +/- 6%) than FM (11 +/- 5%), but not IM (12 +/- 3%). Mean phenylalanine uptake/ingested also was greatest for WM, but not significantly.
Conclusions: Ingestion of milk following resistance exercise results in phenylalanine and threonine uptake, representative of net muscle protein synthesis. These results suggest that whole milk may have increased utilization of available amino acids for protein synthesis.
Nutrition for the sprinter
Authors: Kevin D. Tipton a; Asker E. Jeukendrup a; Peter Hespel b

Published in: Journal of Sports Sciences, Volume 25, Issue S1 December 2007 , pages S5 - S15

The primary roles for nutrition in sprints are for recovery from training and competition and influencing training adaptations. Sprint success is determined largely by the power-to-mass ratio, so sprinters aim to increase muscle mass and power. However, extra mass that does not increase power may be detrimental. Energy and protein intake are important for increasing muscle mass. If energy balance is maintained, increased mass and strength are possible on a wide range of protein intakes, so energy intake is crucial. Most sprinters likely consume ample protein. The quantity of energy and protein intake necessary for optimal training adaptations depends on the individual athlete and training demands; specific recommendations for all sprinters are, at best, useless, and are potentially harmful. However, if carbohydrate and fat intake are sufficient to maintain energy levels, then increased protein intake is unlikely to be detrimental. The type and timing of protein intake and nutrients ingested concurrently must be considered when designing optimal nutritional strategies for increasing muscle mass and power. On race day, athletes should avoid foods that result in gastrointestinal discomfort, dehydration or sluggishness. Several supplements potentially influence sprint training or performance. Beta-alanine and bicarbonate may be useful as buffering agents in longer sprints. Creatine may be efficacious for increasing muscle mass and strength and perhaps increasing intensity of repeat sprint performance during training.
 
Zigurd

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This was an amazing read. Thank you Tim. Can't rep you till I spread some more around :p
 
Natzo

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thanks Tim!

repped!
 
raggamuffini

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Absolutely brilliant read! Thank you for this.. :thumbsup2:
 
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Thanks tim for putting this all together.

sending pm now :spy:
 
MrChewiebitums

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regarding the milk one (2nd from bottom)

wouldnt it be better if it was taken in earlier? for example with the carbs+aminos
would the muscles already have taken in the nutrients etc...

couldnt you explain it a bit more?
 
tim290280

tim290280

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regarding the milk one (2nd from bottom)

wouldnt it be better if it was taken in earlier? for example with the carbs+aminos
would the muscles already have taken in the nutrients etc...

couldnt you explain it a bit more?

Point 1: Please don't insult my intelligence, I know what you're trying to do.

Point 2: I've already stated that the PWO window is several hours.

Point 3: They weren't testing timing they were testing milks as a possible recovery agent. The testing of this was the important part for them. As such their methods may have allowed leeway in the ingestion to get the participants from the gym to the lab (or any number of other scenarios, can't tell as I don't have access to the whole paper from this computer).
 
MrChewiebitums

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how am i insulting your intelligence?
if its because of what i`m thinking then i put the words in brackets because i wasnt sure if there was another milk related one, so i just specified because i was in a hurry. Is that what you are refering to?
 
tim290280

tim290280

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how am i insulting your intelligence?
if its because of what i`m thinking then i put the words in brackets because i wasnt sure if there was another milk related one, so i just specified because i was in a hurry. Is that what you are refering to?

:bitelip: Fine I'll play.

You made the statement in the other thread, that I linked to this one, stating that "PWO shakes should be taken an hour later". I then said that this is not what the research shows (others also before your post and IS has insinuated after your post that this is the case). You then ask a question in this thread about "why wasn't the shake taken earlier?" as if to imply that we were wrong and you were right or to try to get me to argue your point for you.

If this is not the case then ignore my first point.
 

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MrChewiebitums

MrChewiebitums

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wow you have really over examined it... no its not the case.

and where did i state that "PWO shakes should be taken an hour later" ?
And i didnt say why wasnt the SHAKE(i`m assuming protein shake+carbs) taken early i said why wasnt IT taken earlier and since i already specified which lab report i was refering to, it ment the MILK.. which tbh you still havent really answered
 
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MrChewiebitums

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but nevermind, since the milk has all 3 macroN could it be that there is nothing really special about milk and similar results could have been obtained if say aminos+carbs and fats where delivered by solid foods?
 
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